Most cancer experts agree that vocal cord cancer likely starts as small areas of abnormal cells (dysplasia) undergo sequential changes that ultimately lead to the development of cancer. Precancerous lesions may appear as a white or red plaque (called leukoplakia or erythroplakia) on the vocal cord, while cancers themselves are often larger and thicker than the precancerous lesions. Any of these findings on exam indicate that a biopsy or removal of the lesion needs to be done to rule out the presence of cancer. Research suggests that removing precancerous lesions may reduce the risk of developing cancer.
Cancer of the tube that runs from the throat to the stomach (oesophagus). Smoking and poorly controlled acid reflux are significant risk factors for oesophageal cancer. Symptoms include trouble swallowing, unintentional weight loss, chest pain, worsening indigestion or heartburn and coughing or hoarseness. Treatment focuses on removing the cancer through surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used.
Cancer that occurs in the stomach. Risk factors may include smoking and a diet of highly processed or salty foods. There may be no symptoms of stomach cancer early on. Later, symptoms include feeling bloated after eating, feeling full after eating small amounts of food, nausea, heartburn or indigestion. Treatment options include surgery, medication, radiation and chemotherapy.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread.